Half the bits are represented on the real axis and half the bits are represented on the imaginary axis. The in-phase and quadrature signals are independent level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) ...
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(c) Capacity in bits per second per Hertz vs. Bit to Noise Ratio (Capacity vs Eb/No) (d) Bit Error Rate vs. Bit to Noise Ratio (BER vs Eb/No) Symbol Error Rate vs. Es ...