My recent columns discussed the physics and applications of discrete-zener-diode references, and the conclusion they reached is that discrete zener diodes make poor references because of tolerance ...

CMOS voltage reference circuits are integral to modern electronic systems, providing a stable and reproducible voltage that underpins the performance of myriad integrated devices. These circuits ...

Designers charged with creating precision analog front ends and signal chains know that the performance of the voltage reference—whether a discrete standalone device or one that’s embedded in a ...

In order to interface with the "real world", cell phones require system-on-a-chip (SoC)-level integration of high-performance digital-to-analog (DAC) and/or analog-to-digital (ADC) conversion IP ...

The Bandgap Reference (BGR) circuit is a key element in Very-large-scale Integration (VLSI) designs, providing a stable reference voltage that is crucial for the performance and reliability of analog ...

Learn how to select a power-supply configuration based on PPG system requirements. Review the implementation of switched-mode power-supply reference circuits for both discrete (part one) and ...

Editor’s note: This article is based upon a 2006 EDN article by Jim Williams; see Reference 1. There are six different types of FETs, but of the two major categories of FETs, enhancement mode devices ...

Many embedded systems require a stable, low-noise DC reference. This reference can be a stable current or voltage source. These references are used in many ways. Some typical uses are listed as ...